Ég var að leggja lokahönd á þessa rannsóknarritgerð um streitu og hvernig er best að forðast hana og bregðast við henni fyrir enskuáfangann minn, og ákvað að sjálfsagt væru einhverjir af lesendunum mínum sem hefðu not af henni í prófalestri, verkefnavinnu og jólaundirbúningi! Njótið vel :0)
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Stress Management: How to Cope When Feeling the Pressure
Around 1940, Hans Selye, an aspiring but yet unknown assistant professor, decided to conduct an experiment. He had access to a substance that a biochemist colleague had isolated from an ovary, and began injecting some lab rats with it every day. Or at least he tried to. Selye was not very good with animals or syringes, and usually spent a fair part of each morning attempting to inject the rodents, failing in containing them, and running around the lab trying to seize the terrified creatures. His research led to interesting but completely false results. The rats developed several serious conditions, such as “peptic ulcers, greatly enlarged adrenal glands, and shrunken immune tissues” (Sapolsky 8), which Selye believed to be caused by the ovarian substance. Until, that is, he found that the test benchmark, rats he had injected with pure saline, showed the exact same symptoms. Selye had discovered stress-related diseases (Sapolsky 7-8). As a full time, perfectionist college student and mother, stress is all too familiar to me. If I want to avoid the diseases Selye observed in his lab rats, I need to be aware of what stress truly is; why it leads to these ailments; what I can do to overcome it; and how I can prevent it.
To better understand how stress-management works, I must first consider what is actually happening in my body when I am stressed. A stressor is the influence or circumstances that make an individual – animal or human – become stressed. The stressor can be anything from an impending essay deadline to a pouncing lion, and the resulting “fight-or-flight” reaction is the adjustment the body automatically makes to react to the situation. When we are running away from an attacker, the muscles needed for that flight are our most important body part, and they will be given all the energy we can spare and even harvest it from other tissues such as fat cells and the liver. The body’s transportation system also kicks in to quickly transfer the energy to these muscles, so our blood pressure, heart rate and breathing rate go up. At the same time, bodily functions that are not necessary for flight are put on hold. This includes our digestion, immune and reproductive systems, and tissue growth and repair, functions most of us would prefer to have in working condition (Sapolsky 11).
For most animal species the stressor is always a temporary state, such as an attacking predator or a lab technician that doesn’t have a knack for holding and injecting rodents. Humans are the only species that have stressors that last for a prolonged period, such as mortgages, deadlines and global warming; stressors that other animals have no idea exist. Our bodies, however, have not yet evolved away from the “fight-or-flight” reaction to our non-life threatening and long-lasting stressors. The consequences of maintaining the stress-reactions are what are known as stress-related diseases: increased fatigue; decreased resistance to cardiovascular illness and diabetes; peptic ulcers; stress dwarfism; lessened tissue repair; various reproductive system failures and decreased sexual drive etc. (Sapolsky 11). Furthermore, stress can intensify herpes, mental illness, drug abuse and multiple sclerosis (Keegan 55). These are certainly all illnesses I would avoid if I had any say in the matter. And I do.
As a chronically stressed individual, I have a few stress-relievers up my sleeves. I like taking long baths and hot showers; going out for brisk walks; watching a specifically funny Friends episode; telling my husband or a friend about my stressor; and listening to soothing music. If I have the opportunity, I lie down, close my eyes, and envision myself wandering in a lush green meadow that is dotted with brightly coloured flowers, and imagine the sound of a small waterfall nearby. I take a few deep breaths before starting a quiz, breathing in through my nose, way down into my stomach, and then out through my mouth. I know of other techniques preferred by friends or family, such as getting a massage, doing yoga or meditating, or even taking medications. Different strategies work for different individuals.
But why do these methods work? To begin with, recognizing and focusing on the fact that you are in control of your own destiny and that the stressor isn’t the end of the world has been proven to lessen the impact of non-critical stressors (Sapolsky 392). To me, this means that simply taking the bull by the horn and doing something about your stress will decrease it. In addition, the stress management techniques usually target the body’s stress-reaction and counteract it. Let’s take exercise, a very popular technique, as a sample. When we work out, our body secretes beta-endorphin, a type of morphine (Dalayeun, Norès and Bergal abstract) “there’s a sense of achievement and self-efficacy” (Sapolsky 401), and finally, we actually use the muscles that the stress reactions are preparing us to use, which effectively releases some of the tension involved (Sapolsky 401). We must consider, however, that forcing someone to exercise can be a stressor in itself!
Another popular remedy for stress is laughing, whether it comes from being told a good joke, watching a YouTube video of a kitty crawling into a whisky glass, or even attending a laughter yoga class. In addition to the obvious positive effects on your mood, the physiological effects of laughing until you think you might never stop have been proven to be beneficial to your health in ways that offset the stress-reaction: “improving blood flow, lowering levels of the stress hormone cortisol and boosting the immune system” (Dr. Lee Berk qtd in Barovick sec. 4).
It is absolutely impossible to make a muscle tense and soft at the same time – the two states are simply opposites. The same goes for relaxation; when I can truly relax, any stress reaction appears to dissolve, at least for the duration of the tranquil activity. Common relaxation methods are meditation, yoga, hot baths, and visualization – imagining calming scenes – and all of these methods have similar results: your breathing, blood pressure and heart rate go down; your muscles soften; and your mind grows calmer and more focused. This is the exact reverse of the stress-reactions of the same bodily functions. Richard Blonna, a stress management instructor and Certified Health Education Specialist, supports my opinions on the matter in his book Coping with Stress in a Changing World. He calls this the “relaxed state”, and likens the effects to recharging batteries that have been run down by reacting to stress constantly for an extended period of time (238-9).
There are also numerous medications and remedies you can consume that are meant to relieve your stress. A quick search on www.drugs.com showed thirteen types of drugs or medications used for this purpose, and http://www.herbalremediesinfo.com suggested nine herbs, such as ginger, catnip and chamomile, that are known to calm and soothe, restore emotional balance and nervous system and reduce tension. There are also innumerable readymade mixtures meant to help you relax; I am currently taking a supplement called ChillPills which includes vitamin B, Holy Basil and Magnolia among other natural ingredients. I’m not sure the pills actually work, but taking them makes me feel I’m doing something to alleviate my stress – and just reading the name makes me smile! Some might say that teas, tinctures and mixtures such as these are a bunch of voodoo that has no place in modern science; Neuropathic Physician Andrew L. Rubman disagrees. He suggests several unconventional medicines, such as taking B vitamins, which “help regulate the body’s response to stress and maintain a healthy nervous system” (Natural supplements). Another professional, Lynn Keegan, RN, PhD, HNC, suggests other unconventional methods, such as aquatherapy and aromatherapy, and supports her case with several studies. For instance, aromatherapy lifts moods and relieves negativity, and even just thinking of a specific scent can have as much effect as the real thing (56-7). Since these alternative modalities are not consumed in any way, they can safely be used for people who have conditions that don’t allow them to use the other kind, such as pregnant or nursing women, cancer patients, etc. If these professionals and scientific studies are not enough to convince a sceptic, I propose he considers this: if taking a vitamin supplement, drinking herbal tea or sniffing a flower have only a placebo effect, then surely it has done more good than bad?
These methods and modalities are ways to alleviate the symptoms and results of stress, but when possible, attacking the root of the problem is usually the best way to go. My current stress is the result of trying to do my very best in all five courses at college; be a loving and caring wife and mother; keep a tidy home; make sure my family has a healthy diet and lifestyle; foster my relationships with my friends and loved ones; and eat, sleep and breathe when I find the time. With such a busy schedule, I know I have to plan each waking moment to make the most use of my day and make sure to include time to recharge my batteries. I also need to accept that there are things that I simply cannot change, and that I can’t be perfect in absolutely everything I do. A positive attitude is very helpful, and so is delegating tasks, and being willing and able to trust others to do their best in the work at hand. But some things simply cannot be scheduled well, handed over, or be done less than perfectly. Blonna has defined three categories of stressors: “those that are foreseeable and can be controlled”; “those that are foreseeable but cannot be controlled”; and “those that are neither foreseeable nor controllable” (208). The first category of stressors I must simply try to avert, minimize or avoid, and the second I can prepare for. For the third one, however, it’s important that I remember that “[a] key to stress management is not getting overly upset about things that are beyond [my] control” (Blonna 208).
In today’s hectic speed, with its countless distractions, demands and expectations, stressors are everywhere. I might not be the subject of a lab technician’s clumsy hands, but there are several other phenomena that chase me around and terrify me, and the results can be just as serious as those suffered by professor Selye’s poor lab rats. But there are numerous ways to beat the looming stress – I just have to decide which one suits me best, put on my boxing gloves and fight.
Works Cited
Barovick, Harriet. “What’s so funny?” Time 176.11(2010):54. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 8 Nov. 2010
Blonna, Richard. Coping with Stress in a Changing World. 4th ed. New York: McGraw Hill, 2007. Print.
Dalayeun, J. F., Norès, J. M., and Bergal, S. “Physiology of beta-endorphins. A close-up view and a review of the literature.” Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomédecine & Pharmacothérapie 47.8 (1993): 311-320. MEDLINE with Full Text. EBSCO. Web. 28 Nov. 2010.
Keegan, Lynn. “Alternative and Complementary Modalities for Managing Stress and Anxiety.” Critical Care Nurse 23.3 (2003): 55. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 8 Nov. 2010.
Rubman, Andrew L. “Natural Remedies to Soothe Stress and Ease Anxiety.” SpineUniverse. Vertical Health, 31 Aug. 1999. Web. 30 Nov. 2010.
Sapolsky, Robert M. Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers. 3rd ed. New York: Owl Book/Henry Holt, 2004. Print.